Pornography In The Media Essays - Sex-positive Feminism, Pornography

Pornography In The Media Essays - Sex-positive Feminism, Pornography Pornography in the Media It started by way of messengers and scribes, evolved through the presentation of newspapers and radio, brought us together with television, and now serves us world-wide via the ever-popular Internet. It is the mass media, and even from the earliest days of its existence, it has contributed greatly in ways that both enlighten and enrich society, and ways that deteriorate and perplex it. It is not a surprise to learn, then, that the mass media is the most powerful source of information we have, and nothing else in today?s world influences public perception quite as heavily. Unfortunately, however, most of what is broadcast or transmitted in the news today is with reference to the chaotic condition of our planet, or something else that society as a whole sees as detrimental or damaging. But the news on television is not the only type of media taking the criticism of society. Other forms of mass media, specifically movies and television programs containing pornography and violence have been heavily criticized. The underlining concept to be debated here is that society is negatively influenced, specifically, by these images of pornography and the result is increased violence against women. This assumption, and it is indeed only an assumption, is completely fallacious, however, as no concrete and completely conclusive evidence has ever been formulated in support of the theory. The key premise here is that the mass media does not cause undesirable social behaviour and in actuality, the media people should not be dubbed as the ?bad guys?. They simply use their power in the most constructive ways possible in order to promote their ratings and popularity. One way to do that is to concentrate on what sells: sex, violence and disaster. Having said this, why is it then, that many in society still believe otherwise; why do they continue to believe that pornography is ?evil? and is a major cause for violence against women, specifically rape? There are many reasons for this misinterpretation and through the following few points, an attempt will be made to show that pornography has very little to almost no correlation with violence against women (of course nothing is ?absolute? in society). In order to demonstrate this, it must be made evident that pornography is not ?evil? and does not cause undesirable social behaviour by displaying nude women in sexually explicit circumezces. Thus, it is important to indicate that women are not treated only as sexual objects through the media. This is done in an attempt to quash any traces of ?evil? in pornography. Subsequently, a second point, that some may consider to be completely bizarre, can be addressed; that pornography actually reduces the amount of violence against women. For thousands of years, sex itself has been considered ?evil? and revolting. This is exactly why the concealment of the sex organs and teaching feelings of shame toward human sexuality is so common worldwide (Christensen 1990:4). These same feelings of shame are the chief reasons that sex is considered a personal and private matter. Contrary to the beliefs of many, the mass media did not create these settings; society creates this image. In some societies, women have no reservations with regard to living their entire lives completely naked, while in other societies, females cover themselves from head to toe, only revealing their eyes. The media has been bombarded with criticism, overwhelmingly from the female community, relative to the amount of sexually explicit material that is published in magazines and that appears on television and in the cinemas. A common argument against pornography is that the media portrays women as being nothing more than sexual playthings and objects to satisfy male sexual desires. As before, the media once again, is not to be held responsible for creating this image; these views are products of society. It would be downright absurd to assume that women in this society are treated as sexual objects only because the media releases or broadcasts pornographic material. A magazine associated with make-up and skin care, for example, will quite obviously not be concentrating on much else. Such a magazine would not display pictures of women who mountain-climb or women who water-ski; only images of make-up and text

The Association Against a Womans Right to Vote

The Association Against a Woman's Right to Vote At the end of the nineteenth century, Massachusetts was one of the most populous states and was from the beginning of the woman suffrage movement a center of activity for pro-suffrage activism.  In the 1880s, activists opposed to women voting organized, and formed the Massachusetts Association Opposed to the Further Extension of Suffrage to Women.  This was the beginning of the fight against a womans right to vote. From State Groups to a National Association The National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage (NAOWS) evolved from many state anti-suffrage organizations.  In 1911, they met at a convention in New York and created this national organization to be active on both a state and federal level. Arthur (Josephine) Dodge was the first president and is often considered the founder.  (Dodge had formerly worked to establish day care centers for working mothers.) The organization was heavily funded by brewers and distillers (who assumed that if women got the vote, temperance laws would be passed). The organization was also supported by Southern politicians, nervous that African American women would also get the vote, and by big-city machine politicians. Both men and women belonged to and were active in the  National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage. State chapters grew and expanded.  In Georgia, a state chapter was founded in 1895 and in three months had 10 branches and 2,000 members. Rebecca Latimer Felton was among those who spoke against suffrage in the state legislature, resulting in the defeat of a suffrage resolution by five to two.  In 1922, two years after the woman suffrage amendment to the Constitution was ratified, Rebecca Latimer Felton became the first woman Senator in the United States Congress, appointed briefly as a courtesy appointment. After the Nineteenth Amendment In 1918, the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage moved to Washington, DC, in order to focus on opposition to the national suffrage amendment. The organization disbanded after the Nineteenth Amendment, given women an equal right to vote, passed in 1920. Despite the victory for women, the NAOWS official newspaper,  Woman Patriot (formerly known as Womans Protest), continued into the 1920s, taking positions against womens rights. Various NAOWS Arguments Against Woman Sufferage Arguments used against the vote for women included: Women didnt want to vote.The public sphere was not the right place for women.Women voting wouldnt add anything of value since it would simply double the number of voters but not substantively change the outcome of elections - so adding women to the voting roles would waste time, energy and money, without result.Women didnt have time to vote or engage in politics.Women didnt have the mental aptitude to form informed political opinions.Women would be even more susceptible to pressure from emotional please.Women voting would overturn the proper power relationship between men and women.Women voting would corrupt women by their involvement in politics.States where women had already gained the vote had shown no increase in morality in politics.Women had an influence on the vote through raising their sons to vote.Women gaining the vote in the South would put more pressure on states to permit African American women to vote, and might lead to demolishing such rules as literacy tests, propert y qualifications, and poll taxes which kept most African American men from voting. Pamphlet Against Woman Suffrage An early pamphlet listed these reasons to oppose woman suffrage: BECAUSE 90% of the women either do not want it, or do not care.BECAUSE it means competition of women with men instead of co-operation.BECAUSE 80% of the women eligible to vote are married and can only double or annul their husbands votes.BECAUSE it can be of no benefit commensurate with the additional expense involved.BECAUSE in some States more voting women than voting men will place the Government under petticoat rule.BECAUSE it is unwise to risk the good we already have for the evil which may occur. The pamphlet also advised women on housekeeping tips and cleaning methods, and included the advice that  you do not need a ballot to clean out your sink spout and good cooking lessens alcoholic craving quicker than a vote. In a satirical response to these sentiments, Alice Duer Miller wrote Our Own Twelve Anti-suffragist Reasons (circa 1915).