The Inner Workings of a Serial Killer - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1874 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Serial Killer Essay Did you like this example? Serial killers have long been of interest to American popular culture as well as criminal psychologists. A serial killer is defined as an individual who commits three or more acts of murder over an extended period of time (Allely, Minnis, Thompson, Wilson, Gillberg, 2014). Typically, these killings involve the sexual assault of their victims as well as sadistic acts of torture. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Inner Workings of a Serial Killer" essay for you Create order These men and women who commit these extreme and prolonged acts of violence are important yet difficult to study. Due to the rarity of serial killers, more research needs to be done to further the existing scholarship regarding serial killers. Serial killers are an extreme example of the behavior that can arise from people who have anti-social personality disorder. Not only does the presence of a personality disorder influence their actions, but biological and social processes have an impact on whether a person will engage in this severe level of killings. Sometimes these murders are calculated and victims are chosen to fit a desired killing type, or victims are chosen due to opportunity. These serial killers can be charismatic and charming, such as Ted Bundy, or isolated and detached like Jeffrey Dahmer. The factors that aid in the making of a serial killer are complex and involve specific psychological aspects of personality, biological processes, and negative environmental stresso rs. The presence of anti-social personality disorder is one of the main psychological indicators that a person is at risk for engaging in serial killings (Kocsis Irwin, 1998). Individuals who have anti-social personality disorders have a persistent disregard for human life (Kring, Johnson, Davidson, Neale, 2016). They feel almost no empathy for their victims and may know that what they are doing is wrong, but they continue to kill regardless of the consequences. Not all people who are diagnosed with anti-social personality disorder will become a serial killer, but most serial killers have an anti-social personality disorder diagnosis (Culhane, Hilstad, Freng Gray, 2011). According to the DSMV, the criteria for anti-social personality disorder is age at least 18 with an evidence of conduct disorder before age 15, and a pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others since the age of 15, as shown by at least three of the following: repeated law breaking, deceitfulness, lying, im pulsivity, irritability and aggressiveness, reckless disregard for own safety and that of others, irresponsibility as seen in unreliable employment or financial history, and lack of remorse (Kring, Johnson, Davidson, Neale, 2016). The combination of these criteria puts an individual at risk for committing serial murders. Another important psychological element to serial killers is psychopathy. Psychopathy involves the continuous violation of the rights of others, as well as a complete disregard for such rights (Kocsis Irwin, 1998). It also involves a lack of empathy with the feelings of others and a lack of remorse for any offence or injury to others, as well as an inflated self-concept and superficial charm (Kocsis Irwin, 1998). This psychopathy is seen in the brutal nature of the killings as serial killers have little to no regard for the harm that they inflict on their victims. The victims are seen as a means for the serial killer to gain some sense of satisfaction, typically sexual satisfaction (Kocsis Irwin, 1998). In addition, serial killers lack any real empathy, so their emotions are purely manipulative (Kocsis Irwin, 1998). For example, serial killer Ted Bundy used his charismatic attitude to give his victims a sense of comfort, which then allowed him to lure them to their deaths. Psycho pathy is a personality dimension that is prevalent in most serial killers but not all (Kocsis Irwin, 1998). Narcissism is another dimension of personality that is seen in serial killers. Narcissists believe that they are special and important and must be treated as such. Narcissist have a need for admiration and recognition of their importance, and when this attention is not given, they can become quite upset. Similar to psychopathy, narcissism consists of a lack of empathy for others (Kocsis Irwin, 1998). However, there is a distinction between the two as psychopaths percieve other people as objects for self-gratification, whereas narcissists need to establish a sense of their superiority over others and demand admiration (Kocsis Irwin, 1998). This feature of narcissism is prevalent in many serial offenders (Kocsis Irwin, 1998). The desire for admiration in serial killers is seen through the exhibitionistic behaviors of some serial offenders (Kocsis Irwin, 1998). For example, Australian serial killer John Glover boasted of his self-perceived superior intellectual abilities despite no t having a college degree and having a below average IQ. Serial killers who exhibit narcissistic tendencies feel great pride for their kills and this pride is exemplified when publicly recognized by police or news outlets. This is used as a tactic by law enforcement to trick the killer into revealing more information. This was seen in the case of Edmund Kemper, as the more praise Kemper received for the ingenuity of his offences, the more information he would reveal (Kocsis Irwin, 1998). Understanding the elements of narcissism are not only important for the reasonings behind serial killers actions, but can also be used to apprehend them. Sadism is another important psychological element to a serial killers personality. Sadism is when an individual takes pleasure in harming others, and some may even experience sexual gratification watching their victims suffer (Kocsis Irwin, 1998). Not all sadists are serial killers, as not all kill their victims, but instead use psychological torture and manipulation to satisfy their urges. Sadists use a variety of methods to inflict damage on their victims. Some common examples would be taking away the autonomy and free will of their victims or physically torturing their victims (Kocsis Irwin, 1998). Jeffrey Dahmer is a well-known sadistic serial killer. Dahmer brutally tortured and killed his victims. In addition to this physical torture, Dahmer inflicted psychological torture on his community. At a search party for one of the missing persons he murdered, he served soup that he made with the human remains of his victims. While the personality dimensions of anti-social personality disorder, psychopathy, narcissism, and sadism, consist of diagnostic differences, they all function towards the psychology of the serial offender (Kocsis Irwin, 1998). The biological processes behind serial killers are also important to note. Certain developmental and intellectual disabilities have recently been associated with serial offenders. Autism spectrum disorder may play a role in an individual becoming a serial offender. Criminal psychologists are advocating for the new diagnosis of Autistic psychopathy, which would function as a subcategory of Aspergers syndrome (Allely, Minnis, Thompson, Wilson, Gillberg, 2014). Research suggests that Autistic Psychopathy may trigger the incentive of some of these serial killers (Allely, Minnis, Thompson, Wilson, Gillberg, 2014). The question of whether there is a connection between ASD and extreme violence is still unanswered because empirical research investigating offenders with Autism Spectrum Disorders is relatively rare (Allely, Minnis, Thompson, Wilson, Gillberg, 2014). There is also research supporting neuro-chemical imbalances and aggression. Low serotoninergic activity has been linked to imp ulsive, self-destructive violence, while an increase in synaptic serotonin levels have been linked to aggression (Allely, Minnis, Thompson, Wilson, Gillberg, 2014). The increase of dopamine and norepinephrine also will heighten aggression. Monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) is an enzyme that is associated in the metabolism of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine and its levels are genetically determined (Allely, Minnis, Thompson, Wilson, Gillberg, 2014). Men with low MAO-A activity are three times more likely to be convicted of a violent crime by the time they are 26 years old than men with high MAO-A activity (Allely, Minnis, Thompson, Wilson, Gillberg, 2014). Hypoglycemia is also associated with impulsive, violent behavior, and the link may be mediated via serotonergic mechanisms and alcohol consumption. (Allely, Minnis, Thompson, Wilson, Gillberg, 2014). Individuals who have the biological predisposition for aggression and violent behaviors will be more likely to commit serial mur ders. It is also suggested that individuals who suffer from head injuries will be more likely to commit violent criminal offences (Allely, Minnis, Thompson, Wilson, Gillberg, 2014). Anti-social personality disorder and many of the other personality dimensions that are found in serial killers are genetic. The biological risk factors mentioned above put these individuals at a significantly greater risk for developing into a serial murderer. In addition to the biological and social factors, environmental influences also have an important impact on the making of serial killers. In a study of more than 60 serial murderers, researchers found that psychological and/or physical abuse was a prevalent trait of serial killers childhoods (Allely, Minnis, Thompson, Wilson, Gillberg, 2014). Not all children who suffer from abuse will become serial killers, but childhood emotional and physical trauma can be an influential factor in serial offenders. In a group of 62 male serial killers, 48% had been rejected as children by a parent or some other important person in their lives (Allely, Minnis, Thompson, Wilson, Gillberg, 2014). In many cases, serial killers faced extreme abuse as children and grew up in environments with little nurturing or comfort. Children are more likely to thrive emotionally if there are positive interactions with their parents (Culhane, Hilstad, Freng Gray, 2011). The children who live in abusive and neglect ful households on average have more behavioral and emotional problems, which in extreme cases can lead to serial murders (Culhane, Hilstad, Freng Gray, 2011). Some serial killers may also face bullying and teasing from their peers. For example, serial killer Ronald Dominique was bullied for many years for being gay (Forsyth, 2015). He explains that this bullying over his sexuality resulted in him having many negative thoughts regarding his sexuality. Dominique raped and murdered over 23 men, most of whom were male prostitutes (Forsyth, 2015). These violent crimes against gay men could be a result of the severe bullying that Dominique faced as a teen for being a homosexual. Serial killer Edmund Kemper faced emotional and physical abuse from his mother. He was constantly ostracized in his family and was forced to sleep in the garage, and oftentimes his mother would restrict his food or water. Kemper developed a strong hatred for women and brutally raped, beat, and tortured ten women (Forsyth, 2015). His mother and grandmother were two of his victims (Forsyth, 2015). The environmental and social aspects of an individuals life have important consequences on behavior, and in the cases of extreme abuse and social ridicule, these factors can aid in the development of serial offenders. The treatment for serial killers is extremely difficult as most do not undergo therapy until they are incarcerated. Due to the nature of these serial offenders, most do not want to undergo treatment as it means that they will need to stop their killings (Culhane, Hilstad, Freng Gray, 2011). The most common forms of treatment include mood stabilizers, such as anti-psychotics and social skills training (Kring, Johnson, Davidson Neale, 2016). However, the combination of these treatments may not be effective, due to the lack of empathy and regard for others that serial offenders exhibit. There are a variety of factors which go into the creation of a serial killer. These violent offenders are rare, but usually generate a sizable interest among the public. The psychological, biological, and environmental elements are complex and work together to create the behavioral and compulsive response to calculated multiple killings. When trying to understand the inner workings of a serial killer it is important to note the individual interactions of the dimensions of ones personality, their specific biological processes, and well as the presence of negative environmental and social factors.

Organizational Culture, Management Styles, And...

Abstract This paper discusses the implications of organizational culture, management styles, and organizational size and market demands on the organizational structure of the firm. The paper uses the case study or Toyota Motors Corporation to evaluate how organizational structures are affected by these factors and to make recommendations on the same. Objectives of the study The study seeks to understand the meaning of organizational culture and how it implicates the structure the firm. The study will also seek to understand the effects of management styles on company structures. Also, the study undertakes to understand the implications of market demands as well as organizational size on the structure of the firm. It also places these†¦show more content†¦Organizational culture defines how the firm responds to different market issues, how employees perceive different situations and scenarios in the firm as well as the firm aligns it in relation to different market forces. Organizational culture thus serves as the compass on which different decisions are made and executed – and determines the actions that will be a success in a given firm and those that are resisted or lead to failure. The culture of an organization also includes the assumption and what the firm view as â€Å"common knowledge† usually developed over time as the fir m goes through different stages to the pit that such bases become part of the firm, and define its relationships with the rest of the world. Organizational culture is deemed to be the most important binding factors in a firm – an is the only thing that differentiates the employees of one firm from another. The culture of any organization also determines the power relationships between the different players of the firm, how communication and key decision making is handled as well as how different key stakeholders relate with each other. A culture that empowers every employee will se an organizational structure that mirrors this empowerment, and will consequently have a structure that allows more people to take part in decision making and value their contributions. Organizational culture impacts performance, management and perception – and has been cited asShow MoreRelatedHow The Organizational Behavior And Other Factors Have Affected The Organization Chart And Structure Of The Toyota Company1496 Words   |  6 Pagesbe successful or not. The management style, culture, technology incorporation are some of the issues which will define the fate of the company. This business report attempts to analyses the impact of some of these issues to the structure of the organization. The human resource department issues are easily handled if an organization structure chart exists and in this case, the Toyota Company Report objectives i). 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AIDS The Man

AIDS: The Man-Made-Monster Essay subject = Humanitytitle = Aids: Man-made monsterAIDS: The Man-Made-MonsterInan extensive article in the Summer-Autumn 1990 issue of Top Secret,Prof. J. Segal and Dr. L. Segal outline their theory that AIDS is a man-madedisease,originating at Pentagon bacteriological warfare labs at Fort Detrick,Maryland. Top Secret is the international edition of the German magazineGeheim and isconsidered by many to be a sister publication to the AmericanCovert ActionInformation Bulletin (CAIB). In fact, Top Secret carries theNaming Namescolumn, which CAIB is prevented from doing by the American government,andwhich names CIA agents in different locations in the world. The article,namedAIDS: US-Made Monster and subtitled AIDS its Nature and its Origins,islengthy, has a lot of professional terminology and is dotted with footnotes. AIDSFACTS The fatal weakening of the immune system which has given AIDS itsname(Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome), write the Segals, has been tracedbackto a destruction or a functional failure of the T4-lymphocytes, alsocalledhelper cells`, which play a regulatory role in the production of antibodiesinthe immune system. In the course of the illness, the number of functionalT4-cells is reduced greatly so that new anti-bodies cannot be produced andthedefenseless patient remains exposed to a range of infections that underothercircumstances would have been harmless. Most AIDS patients die fromopportunisticinfections rather than from the AIDS virus itself. The initial infection ischaracterized by diarrhea, erysipelas and intermittentfever. An apparentrecovery follows after 2-3 weeks, and in many cases thepatient remains withoutsymptoms and functions normally for years. Occasionallya swelling of thelymph glands, which does not affect the patients well-being,can be observed. Afterseveral years, the pre-AIDS stage, known as ARC (Aids- Related Complex)setsin. This stage includes disorders in the digestive tract, kidneys andlungs. In most cases it develops into full-blown AIDS in about a year, at whichpointopportunistic illnesses occur. Parallel to this syndrome, disorders invariousorgan systems occur, the most severe in the brain, the symptoms ofwhich rangefrom motoric disorders to severe dementia and death. This set of symptoms,say the Segals, is identical in every detail with theVisna sickness whichoccurs in sheep, mainly in Iceland. (Visna means tirednessin Icelandic). However, the visna virus is not pathogenic for human beings. The Segals notethat despite the fact that AIDS is transmitted only throughsexual intercourse,blood transfusions and non- sterile hypodermic needles, theinfection hasspread dramatically. During the first few years after itsdiscovery, the numberof AIDS patients doubled every six months, and is stilldoubling every 12months now though numerous measures have been taken againstit. Based on thesefigures, it is estimated that in the US, which had 120,000cases of AIDS atthe end of 1988, 900,000 people will have AIDS or will havedied of it bythe end of 1991. It is also estimated that the number of peopleinfected isat least ten times the number of those suffering from an acute caseof AIDS. That in the year 1995 there will be between 10-14 million cases ofAIDS andan additional 100 million people infected, 80 percent of them in theUS, whilea possible vaccination will not be available before 1995 by the mostoptimisticestimates. Even when such vaccination becomes available, it will nothelpthose already infected. These and following figures have been reached atbyseveral different mainstream sources, such as the US Surgeon General and theChiefof the medical services of the US Army. AIDS does not merely bring certaindangers with it; it isclearly a programmed catastrophe for the human race,whose magnitude iscomparable only with that of a nuclear war, say the Segals. They later explain what they mean by programmed, showing that the viruswasproduced by humans, namely Dr. Robert Gallo of the Bethesda Cancer ResearchCenter in Maryland. When proceeding to prove their claims, the Segals are carefulto note that:We have given preference to the investigative results of highlyrenowned laboratories,whose objective contents cannot be doubted. We mustemphasize, in this connection, that we do not know of any findings that havebeen published in professional journals thatcontradict our hypotheses.DISCOVERINGAIDS The first KNOWN cases of AIDS occurred in New York in 1979. The firstDESCRIBEDcases were in California in 1979. The virus was isolated in Paris inMay 1983,taken from a French homosexual who had returned home ill from a tripto theEast Coast of the US. One year later, Robert Gallo and his co-workers attheBethesda Cancer Research Center published their discovery of the samevirus,which is cytotoxic. ( i.e poisonous to cells )Shortly after publishing hisdis covery, Gallo stated to newspapers that thevirus had developed by a naturalprocess from the Human Adult Leukemia virus,HTLV-1, which he had previouslydiscovered. However, this claim was notpublished in professional publications,and soon after, Alizon and Montagnier,two researchers of the Pasteur Institutein Paris published charts of HTLV-1and HIV, showing that the viruses hadbasically different structures. They alsodeclared categorically that theyknew of no natural process by which one ofthese two forms could have evolvedinto the other. Ordeal by Cheque: The life of Jr EssayThus began a phase of frantic experimentation, saythe Segals. One group was working on trying to cause animal pathogens to adaptthemselvesto life in human beings. This was done under the cover of searchingfor a curefor cancer. The race was won by Gallo, who described his findingsin 1975. Ayear later, Gallo described gene manipulations he was conducting. In 1980 hepublished his discovery of HTLV. In the fall of 1977, a P4 (highestsecurity category of laboratory, in whichhuman pathogens are subjected togenetic manipulations) laboratory wasofficially opened in building 550 ofFort Detrick, MD, the Pentagons mainbiological warfare research center. In an article in Der Spiegel`, Prof. Mollings point out that this type ofgene manipulation was still extremelydifficult in 1977. One would have hadto have a genius as great as Robert Gallofor this purpose, note the Segals.Loand behold. In a supposed compliance with the international accord banningtheresearch, production and storage of biological weapons, part of FortDetrickwas demilitarized and the virus section renamed the FrederickCancer ResearchFacility. It was put under the direction of the CancerResearch Institutein neighbouring Bethesda, whose director was no other thanRobert Gallo. Thishappened in 1975, the year Gallo discovered HTLV. Explaining how the virusescaped, the Segals note that in the US, biologicalagents are traditionallytested on prisoners who are incarcerated for longperiods, and who are promisedfreedom if they survive the test. However, theinitial HIV infection symptomsare mild and followed by a seemingly healthypatient. Those who conductedthe research must have concluded that the new viruswasnot so virulentthat it could be considered for military use, and thetest patients, whohad seemingly recovered, were given their freedom. Most ofthe patients wereprofessional criminals and New York City, which isrelatively close, offeredthem a suitable milieu. Moreover, the patients wereexclusively men, manyof them having a history of homosexuality and drug abuse,as is often thecase in American prisons. It is understandable why AIDS broke out preciselyin 1979, precisely among menand among drug users, and precisely in New YorkCity, assert the Segals. Theygo on to explain that whereas in cases of infectionby means of sexual contact,incubation periods are two years and more, whilein cases of massive infectionvia blood transfusions, as must have been thecase with prisoners, incubationperiods are shorter than a year. Thus, ifthe new virus was ready at thebeginning of 1978 and if the experiments beganwithout too much d elay, thenthe first cases of full-blown AIDS in 1979 wereexactly the resultthatcould have been expected.In the next three lengthychapters, the Segals examine other theories,legends as they call them,of the origins of AIDS.Dissecting each claim,they show that they haveno scientific standing, providing also the findingsof other scientists. They also bring up the arguments of scientists andpopular writers who havebeen at the task of discounting them as conspiracytheorists and show thesewriters shortcomings. Interested readers will haveto read the originalarticle to follow those debates. I will only quote twomore paragraphs:Weoften heard the argument that experiments with human volunteers are part ofabarbaric past, and that they would be impossible in the US today We wishtopresent one single document whose authenticity is beyond doubt. Aninvestigativecommission of the US House of Representatives presented inOctober 1986 afinal report concerning the Manhattan Project. According to thisdo cument,between 1945 and 1975 at least 695 American citizens were exposedto dangerousdoses of radioactivity. Some of them were prisoners who hadvolunteered,but they also included residents of old-age homes, inmates ofinsane asylums,handicapped people in nursing homes, and evennormal patientsin publichospitals; most of them were subjected to these experiments withouttheirpermission. Thus the barbaric past` is not really a thing of the past.Itis remarkable that most of these experiments were carried out in universityinstitutesand federal hospitals, all of which are named in the report. Nonetheless,these facts remained secret until 1984, and even then aCongressional committeethat was equipped with all the necessaryauthorization needed two years inorder to bring these facts to life. We areoften asked how the work on theAIDS virus could have been kept secret. Now,experiments performed on a fewdozen prisoners in a laboratory that issubject to military security can befar more easily kept secret than couldbe the Manhattan Project.